By: Amara Kamble
Abstract
Violence has no place in the world of an adolescent child, seeing or experiencing violence can have a severe and profound impact on the mind of an adolescent child. In this paper we will explore both the psychological and physiological effects of experiencing or viewing violence on the adolescent mind in terms of neuroscience, biology, and psychological development. It explores the severe impacts it has on mental health, neurobiological health and overall development while emphasizing the need for speedy and timely interventions. By understanding the various biological mechanisms and behavioral responses that can occur to cope with this experience, this study hopes to underscore the need for intervention and aid.
Keywords: Adolescent trauma, violence, mental health, emotional regulation, neurobiology, interventions
Introduction
Violence can permeate in an adolescent's life in various forms, namely in direct ways such as experiencing violence first hand, or indirectly, for example being a witness to domestic violence. Exposure to violence at this time of critical development can have profound cognitive, psychological, and emotional impacts (Tishelman & Geffner, 2011). In this research,we will explore the many psychological and physiological responses to trauma, and use biological markers to do so. We will also discuss the potential mental health outcomes.
Mental Health Consequences
Teenagers who are exposed to violences in any form are more inclined to suffer from mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder (D'Andrea et al., 2012). These issues can be carried into adulthood, where they seep into relationships, education, and employment, and severely hinder the individual from reaching their full potential (Finkelhor et al., 2009). Adolescents who are exposed to chronic violence are more susceptible to emotional dysregulation, aggression and emotional instability (Luby et al., 2013).
Emotional Regulation and Social Development
Emotional dysregulation is common in victims who've experienced violence in adolescents. These individuals often exhibit heightened aggression, trouble controlling emotions and heightened sensitivity, this could be due to difficulty in managing emotions (Moretti & Peled, 2004). Add other environmental factors like social relationships and education or work, and this issue will be compounded. Trust issues, social isolation and impaired peer adaptability is common in these adolescents as they have a tough time adjusting and adapting to situations (Kerig & Becker, 2012).
Neurobiological Changes
Exposure to violence can create structural and biochemical changes in the adolescent brain, Especially in areas of the brain that pertain to decision making, emotional regulation and stress management. Research shows that the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex are altered when adolescents are exposed to violence (McCrory et al., 2011). The amygdala can grow hyperactive in these teens who are exposed to violence, leading to constant anxiety and creating a stressful environment (Tottenham, 2014).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulares stress and aids in emotional regulation in the human brain; there are alterations in this area when exposed to violence which can make these adolescents to anxiety disorders and create struggles managing stress (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007).
Hormonal and Genetic Responses
Many hormonal changes can also take place when adolescents are exposed to violence, mainly in terms of cortisol (Del Giudice et al., 2011). Cognitive functions can be impaired by chronic elevation of cortisol levels, which can affect memory, and emotional regulation, making these adolescents more vulnerable to mental health disorders. According to recent studies, exposure to violence can lead to the development of epigenetic cells—which is when alterations in the gene expression occur, this does not impact the DNA structure, but can affect how the genes are read by cells. These changes are evident in genes related to emotional regulation, stress management, and neuroplasticity (Gonzalez et al., 2020).
Psychosocial Interventions
The above-mentioned impacts show us that early intervention is necessary. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has proven useful in combating trauma induced mental health issues such as PTSD and depression (Cohen et al., 2016). Making this approach trauma based can help teens process traumatic memories and develop positive coping mechanisms. Community or school interventions have shown to be very effective in helping these adolescents. Support systems, including mentorship programs and peer support groups, can mitigate the emotional and psychological toll of violence by providing safe spaces for adolescents to express their emotions and develop healthy relationships (Ungar, 2013).
Biological and Medical Interventions
In terms of physiology, interventions can help address many neurobiological implications of violence exposure. To combat the effects of some trauma related mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, pharmacological treatments are being used, namely the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Brent et al., 2013). However, given the complex nature of trauma's impact on the brain, a combination of pharmacological and therapeutic interventions is often necessary for effective treatment. Recent research into neuroplasticity—how the brain adapts and rewires in response to experiences—offers hope for reversing some of the negative effects of trauma. Emerging therapies, such as neurofeedback and mindfulness-based interventions, aim to harness the brain's plasticity to promote healing and emotional regulation in teens affected by violence (Siegel, 2012).
Conclusion
Exposure to violence during adolescence has profound psychological and biological effects that can shape an individual's life trajectory. The mental health issues, emotional dysregulation, and neurobiological changes experienced by teens who witness or experience violence underscore the need for comprehensive interventions. Understanding the intricate connections between violence, brain development, and psychological outcomes allows for more effective treatment strategies. As we continue to learn more about the physiological and psychological consequences of violence on adolescents, it is crucial to focus on early intervention and support systems that foster resilience and recovery.
References
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